全氟辛烷磺化物(PFOS)诱导斑马鱼胚胎p53基因的点突变

将斑马鱼胚胎于0μg·1-1(空白对照),5μg·l-1,16μg·l-1和50μg·l-1全氟辛烷磺化物(PFOS)溶液中暴露染毒5h,采用变性高效液相色谱方法对PCR扩增的含斑马鱼胚胎p53基因外显子7的173 bp的目标片段进行突变分析.结果显示,16μg·l-1和50μg·l-1两个处理组与对照组相比均有显著性差异,表明PFOS可以诱导斑马鱼胚胎p53基因外显子7的点突变.     

全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）急性暴露对斑马鱼鳃显微结构的影响

采用光镜和电镜的方法,探讨了高浓度全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)急性暴露对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)鳃显微结构的影响.暴露组PFOS浓度分别为0.5、1、2mg·L-1,同时设对照组,连续暴露7d,取鳃制备石蜡切片,进行光镜和扫描电镜观察.结果表明,7d后PFOS暴露组斑马鱼鳃部均有不同程度的损伤,石蜡切片上可观察到暴露组鱼鳃上皮细胞坏死脱落,鳃小片断裂或融合,并伴有鳃丝充血,且病变程度随PFOS浓度的升高而加重;扫描电镜下可观察到暴露组鱼鳃鳃丝表面分泌物增多,鳃丝细胞脱落或水肿,鳃小片前端细胞破损.高浓度PFOS急性暴露可在短期内对斑马鱼鳃组织造成严重损伤,且损伤程度存在剂量依赖效应.     

全氟辛烷磺酸暴露对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应

采用人工土壤培养法,通过14 d急性暴露试验,研究了全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的死亡率、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及DNA损伤的影响。研究结果表明：PFOS对蚯蚓14 d-LC₅₀为478.0 mg·kg^-1,显示为低毒;急性暴露期间,PFOS显著抑制蚯蚓生长,生长抑制率随着PFOS浓度增加而增大,且有良好的剂量效应关系(r=0.951,P<0.01);PFOS对蚯蚓GST和CAT活性均没有显著性影响,没有观察到剂量效应关系;PFOS可致蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤,不同浓度的PFOS对蚯蚓体腔细胞尾长、尾部DNA含量和尾矩的影响具有一定的剂量效应关系(P<0.01),与对照组之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,PFOS对蚯蚓的存活影响显示为低毒,但是对生长有一定影响,可致蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA损伤。     

我国合成洗涤剂生产废水治理技术研究

综述了近年来我国合成洗涤剂生产废水的特性;化学混凝法、泡沫分离法和生物接触氧化法处理合成洗涤剂生产废水的最佳工艺条件及其处理效果;工程应用实例及经济分析等。生产运行结果表明,处理后出水水质全面达到国家排放标准。化学混凝法,泡沫分离一混凝法其设备、流程简单、去除效率高、占地少,但运行费用较高。生物接触氧化－臭氧氧化法其出水可以回用、工艺先进、可靠、运行费用低、无二次污染。     

PFOA与PFOS对厌氧氨氧化污泥特性和微生物群落的影响

通过序批实验研究了不同浓度(0.5,1mg/L)与不同类型的全氟化合物(PFCs)对厌氧氨氧化(anammox)污泥脱氮性能及微生物群落的影响.结果表明,0.5与1mg/L全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对anammox污泥的脱氮性能无明显抑制作用;1mg/L PFOA(OA1)与PFOS(OS1)添加...     

微量滴定法测定微痕量铀的研究及应用

在磷酸介质中,试样经硫酸亚铁铵、亚硝酸钠、尿素预处理后,铀为4价,以二苯基联苯胺二磺酸钠为指示剂,用标准钒酸铵滴定至微红色,实现了不经分离与富集直接测定。ｎ×10－5g／g以上的痕量铀的微量滴定分析。方法简便、快速、廉价,环境污染少。     

Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of PFOS and PFOA in cultured Trachinotus ovatus in China

In this study, investigation was conducted into concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in Chinese farmed Trachinotus ovatus between 2014 and 2015 using a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) and ultra fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method. The tissue distribution (muscle, skin, liver, kidney and gill) in Trachinotus ovatus was also assessed. The detection frequencies of PFOS and PFOA in fish were 92% and 3%, respectively, and the mean concentrations were 0.392 and 0.015 μg/kg wet weight. The analysis of PFOS distribution in different tissues in Trachinotus ovatus showed the following trend: skin> gill> kidney> liver> flesh. Results revealeded farmed Trachinotus ovatus in China to generally be contaminated with PFOS. Moreover, the average daily intake for Chinese urban residents calculated on the basis of pollution content was 0.268 ng/kg body weight/d (PFOS) and 0.014 ng/kg body weight /d (PFOA), respectively. Both hazard ratio values were less than 1, indicating that exposure levels of PFOS and PFOA through Trachinotus ovatus consumption may not lead to adverse health effects in the Chinese population.     

深圳市沿岸表层海水中全氟化合物的残留特征及其分布规律

为探究深圳市沿海岸表层海水中全氟化合物（perfluorinated chemicals,PFCs）的残留特征及其分布规律,应用固相萃取分离、富集与高效液相色谱-质谱联用相结合的方法,研究了深圳市沿海岸18处表层海水中15种PFCs的残留特征、分布规律及其成因.结果表明,深圳沿海岸表层海水中PFCs总的残留水平（ΣPFCs）受人类活动影响显著,位于珠江和东宝河入海口下方的西部沿岸表层海水中PFCs残留显著高于开发程度轻、人口稀疏的东部沿岸（P〈0.05）;而自然条件下,表层海水中ΣPFCs残留呈湾内高于湾外的规律.沿海岸表层海水中PFCs的主要残留种态为中、短链的全氟辛烷磺酸（perfluorooctanesulfonate,PFOS）、全氟辛酸、全氟己酸和全氟戊酸,其相似的环境行为（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）可能与PFCs相关产品的生产过程有关;聚类分析结果进一步显示,PFOS（R2=0.409 2）残留可作为评价深圳沿海岸表层海水中PFCs污染状况的典型参数.     

Ecotoxicological effects of waterborne PFOS exposure on swimming performance and energy expenditure in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The potential risks of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are of increasing ecological concern. Swimming performance is linked to the fitness and health of fish. However, the impacts of PFOS on swimming performance remain largely unknown. We investigated the ecotoxicological effects of acute exposure to PFOS on the swimming performance and energy expenditure of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 8 and 32 mg/L) for 48 hr. The spontaneous swimming activity, fast-start swimming performance, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and active metabolic rate (AMR) of the goldfish were examined after exposure to PFOS. PFOS exposure resulted in remarkable effects on spontaneous activity. Motion distance was reduced, and the proportion of motionless time increased with increasing concentrations of PFOS. However, no significant alterations in the fast-start performance-related kinematic parameters, such as latency time, maximum linear velocity, maximum linear acceleration or escape distance during the first 120 msec after stimulus, were observed after PFOS exposure. Unexpectedly, although PFOS exposure had marked influences on the swimming oxygen consumption rates and AMR of goldfish, the U crit of the goldfish was not significantly affected by PFOS. This may result in a noteworthy increase in the energetic cost of transport. The overall results indicate that, in contrast to spontaneous activity, underlying swimming capabilities are maintained in goldfish after short-term exposure to PFOS, but energy expenditure during the process of swimming is dramatically aggravated.     

两株直链烷基苯磺酸钠共代谢降解菌株的分离、鉴定和降解特性研究

自深圳某污水处理厂曝气池和二沉池的污泥中分离得到2株通过共代谢机制降解直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)的细菌L-2和L-15。通过生理生化和16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定细菌L-2和L-15分别为Klebsiella sp.和Enterobacter sp.。研究表明:L-2和L-15以LAS作为唯一碳源时,对其降解率仅有1.1%和5.9%。当添加葡萄糖作生长基质,L-2在温度30℃,p H=7.5,m(葡萄糖)∶m(LAS)为20∶1的条件下,对50 mg/L的LAS的降解率可达94.2%;L-15在温度30℃,p H=7.5,m(葡萄糖)∶m(LAS)为16∶1的条件下,对50 mg/L的LAS的降解率可达92.2%。试验结果说明,筛选得到的2株细菌在共代谢的作用下,可以有效地实现废水中LAS降解。